Tabasarans are one of the ethnic groups of Daghestan. The Tabasaran language is considered to be one of the three hardest languages in the world.
Jesus Story is an audio version of Jesus Film.
Part 1
Part 2
Friday, October 7, 2011
Jesus Film in Dargin
Dargins are the second largest ethnic group in Daghestan (the eastern part of the Northern Caucasus).
Part 1
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
Part 5
Part 6
Part 7
Part 8
Part 9
Part 1
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
Part 5
Part 6
Part 7
Part 8
Part 9
Thursday, October 6, 2011
Jesus Film in Avar
Avars are the largest ethnic group in Daghestan (the eastern part of the Northern Caucasus).
Part 1
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
Part 5
Part 6
Part 7
Part 8
Part 9
Part 1
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
Part 5
Part 6
Part 7
Part 8
Part 9
Jesus Film in Chechen
Sunday, March 27, 2011
Circassian Ethics: Werk Khabze
Konakhalla is the highest level of Chechen ethics. Likewise, Werk Khabze is the highest level of Circassian ethics. Unlike Chechens, Circassians had a feudal society. So, Werk Khabze was originally noblemen's and warriors' code of ethics. The word "werk" means "nobleman," the word "khabze" means "law, tradition, custom." The general part of Circassian ethics is called "Adyghe Khabze" where "Agyghe means "Circassian." Werk Khabze is closer to Bushido than Konakhalla because both Circassians and Japanese had a feudal society while Chechens had a democratic society.
Translated from Russian
Werk Khabze may be divided into several key points, including the following things:
1. Faithfulness. First of all, it implied faithfulness to the suzerain and their estate. Noblemen served princes from generation to generation. If a nobleman changed his suzerain, it was a great shame. Noblemen kept faithfulness to their prince even if he was defeated in a war and emigrated to other nations. In this case, they followed the prince and left their motherland. At the battle, noblemen fought near their princes and if the prince was killed, they had to take his body away from the battle filed or to be killed themselves.
Faithfulness also included devotion to relatives and respect to parents. All the family members had to submit to the father, and a younger brother had to submit to an elder brother. A nobleman had to keep family dignity and revenge everyone who attempted to murder or violated dignity of members of his family.
2. Politeness. It included several points:
- Respect toward people who had a higher position in the social hierarchy. According to Circassian customs, respect had to be mutual regardless of different positions in the social hierarchy.
- Respect toward older people. Each older person had to be respected according to Circassian etiquette: younger people had to stand up when he came in and not sit down without his permission; they should not talk, but only respectfully answer his questions; they had to serve him at the table, and so on. All this respect had to be done regardless of social position.
- Respect toward a woman. First of all, it meant respect toward mother, but also respect to all the females. Each noblemen considered that it was an honor for him to carry out a woman's or girl's request. It was a shame to unsheathe an armor at a woman's presence or not to sheathe it immediately when she came. If a nobleman occasionally said a bad word at woman's presence, he had to give her a valuable gift in order to redeem his guilt. A Circassian woman could not be an object or a subject of vendetta. It was a great shame for a man, including a husband, to beat a woman. A violation of dignity of mother, wife or sister were the highest offense to a man. Such violations usually caused the offender's death.
- Politeness included respect to any person, including a stranger.
A peculiarity of Circassian mentality was respect of a personal dignity and personal freedom and consequently a very expressed individualism. Probably, it was one of the reasons why their political system was democratic and there was no opportunity for tyranny or dictatorship. This democracy was expressed even in military area. In spite of the social hierarchy, servility was against the free spirit of Circassians.
Politeness included prohibition of bad language, manhandling, and other expressions of enmity. For noblemen, it was not permitted even to shout at one another.
Talkativeness also was considered to be improper, especially, for a prince.
Modesty was also a part of politeness. Brave Circassians never talked about their feats of arms, considering that it would be improper. According to Circassian opinion, only other people could speak about a person's bravery.
3. Courage. It included the following points:
- Bravery. It was mandatory for a nobleman. If a warrior acted cowardly, he could redeem his guilt to society only if he did a feat of armor or died.
- Resolution and coolness. It implied that in any situation a nobleman had to keep self-control, be calm, never be in panic or fear.
- Patience and tolerance. A genuine nobleman had to be stronger than his human weaknesses. It was considered to be shameful and condemned if he complained at being tired, sick, cold, hot, hungry or even mentioned tasty food.
Translated from Russian
Werk Khabze may be divided into several key points, including the following things:
1. Faithfulness. First of all, it implied faithfulness to the suzerain and their estate. Noblemen served princes from generation to generation. If a nobleman changed his suzerain, it was a great shame. Noblemen kept faithfulness to their prince even if he was defeated in a war and emigrated to other nations. In this case, they followed the prince and left their motherland. At the battle, noblemen fought near their princes and if the prince was killed, they had to take his body away from the battle filed or to be killed themselves.
Faithfulness also included devotion to relatives and respect to parents. All the family members had to submit to the father, and a younger brother had to submit to an elder brother. A nobleman had to keep family dignity and revenge everyone who attempted to murder or violated dignity of members of his family.
2. Politeness. It included several points:
- Respect toward people who had a higher position in the social hierarchy. According to Circassian customs, respect had to be mutual regardless of different positions in the social hierarchy.
- Respect toward older people. Each older person had to be respected according to Circassian etiquette: younger people had to stand up when he came in and not sit down without his permission; they should not talk, but only respectfully answer his questions; they had to serve him at the table, and so on. All this respect had to be done regardless of social position.
- Respect toward a woman. First of all, it meant respect toward mother, but also respect to all the females. Each noblemen considered that it was an honor for him to carry out a woman's or girl's request. It was a shame to unsheathe an armor at a woman's presence or not to sheathe it immediately when she came. If a nobleman occasionally said a bad word at woman's presence, he had to give her a valuable gift in order to redeem his guilt. A Circassian woman could not be an object or a subject of vendetta. It was a great shame for a man, including a husband, to beat a woman. A violation of dignity of mother, wife or sister were the highest offense to a man. Such violations usually caused the offender's death.
- Politeness included respect to any person, including a stranger.
A peculiarity of Circassian mentality was respect of a personal dignity and personal freedom and consequently a very expressed individualism. Probably, it was one of the reasons why their political system was democratic and there was no opportunity for tyranny or dictatorship. This democracy was expressed even in military area. In spite of the social hierarchy, servility was against the free spirit of Circassians.
Politeness included prohibition of bad language, manhandling, and other expressions of enmity. For noblemen, it was not permitted even to shout at one another.
Talkativeness also was considered to be improper, especially, for a prince.
Modesty was also a part of politeness. Brave Circassians never talked about their feats of arms, considering that it would be improper. According to Circassian opinion, only other people could speak about a person's bravery.
3. Courage. It included the following points:
- Bravery. It was mandatory for a nobleman. If a warrior acted cowardly, he could redeem his guilt to society only if he did a feat of armor or died.
- Resolution and coolness. It implied that in any situation a nobleman had to keep self-control, be calm, never be in panic or fear.
- Patience and tolerance. A genuine nobleman had to be stronger than his human weaknesses. It was considered to be shameful and condemned if he complained at being tired, sick, cold, hot, hungry or even mentioned tasty food.
Tuesday, November 30, 2010
Pkhari: Another Version of the Myth about Pkharmat (Chechen Prometheus)
Pkhari (Pkhäri)
From K. Z. Chokayev Our Language - Our History, pp. 170-172. Translated from Chechen.
This myth was written down in 1940 in Zumsa by Ahmad Suleimanov from an old man whose name was Gela.
Note. Pkharmat and Pkhari (Pkhäri) are two variants of the same name. In another version of this myth, he is called Pkharmat. In the version below, his name is Pkhari (Pkhäri), but two times he is called Pkharmat.
Long time ago, it was very cold on the earth. People's life was difficult. They did not have fire. Sela [god of fire] had all the fire. Narth-Orstkhois are our ancestors. Narth-Orstkhois were tall people. They did not have any tools. However, they had consciousness and mind.
At that time, there lived a Nart whose name was Pkhari. He made bows, he made arrows, he made tools to soften leather. He was the most kind and strong. Pkhari had a good horse. It was called Turpal.
Pkhari put on warm clothes, took armor and told Narths: "I am going in order to bring you fire from Sela's hearth. Do not worry about me." Narths said: "Let your way be good!" They gave Pkhari oil, coal, and combs. "If Sela pursues you, scatter coal on the road, and there will be dark night between you and Sela. If Sela passes through the night, pour oil, and there will be mud between you two. Let your arm be like of a duck, let your leg be like of a stallion."
Seven days and seven nights Pkhari has been on his way. Pkhari passed through seven gorges and seven mountains. He reached Mount Bashlam [Mount Kazbek]. He rode on Mount Bashlam on his horse. There were beautiful herbs and flowers on this mountain. A white bird came to Pkhari. It spoke our language: "What are you doing, where are you going?"
"I am going in order to take a smoldering log from Sela's hearth. Help me, white bird," asked Pkhari.
"I will help you. However, you are in a danger. It is hard to argue with Sela. Sela is ruthless. Make your ear four times more sensitive, make your eye four times more clear!" told white bird Sela-Sata [goddess; the word "selasat" means "oriole"]. "Approaching Sela, stretch your arm to the hearth unnoticed!" "My arm is like of a duck, my leg is like of a stallion, my eye is clear like of a wolf, my ear is sensitive like of a deer!" replied Pkhari.
Sela-Sata said: "Let your horse Turpal strike its hoof and rush like a big cloud to Sela's favorite hearth. Slow it down and turn to the fire. Then, you will be able to stretch your arm to the hearth..." said bird Sela-Sata.
As the white bird Sela-Sata advised, Nart Pkhari's horse stroke its hoof and rushed like a big cloud. Having reached Sela's hearth, Pkhari slowed it down. Then, it stamped its hooves near the fire and ran like a big cloud. When it jumped high, Pkhari took a smoldering log with his hand. Horse Turpal ran swifter than wind.
Sela heard noise and woke up. He woke falcon Ida that fulfilled his errands, Uzha that had sickle-like teeth and one eye, and dragon Sarmak that spewed fire out of its mouth. Sela sent them to catch riding Pkhari.
Turpal said: "Someone follows me. Look who it is." "Uzha is reaching us!" replied Pkhari.
"Throw your comb," said Turpal. Pkhari threw his comb. A thick forest grew before Uzhu. Uzha stayed in the middle of the forest.
Turpal said again: "Look behind. I hear loud noise." Looking behind, Pkhari saw that Sarmak was reaching them.
"Pour your oil!" said Turpal.
Pkhari poured his oil. Mud appeared on Sarmak's way. The dragon got stuck in the mud.
"I hear loud noise behind me, like of splitting sky. Look what it is!" Looking behind, Pkhari saw that huge falcon Ida was reaching them.
"Huge dragon Ida is reaching us!" said Nart Pkhari. "Scatter your coal!" said Turpal.
Nart Pkhari scattered coal from his hands.
Dark night, like a wall that cannot be passed through, stood before the falcon. Ida became blind and stopped.
Sela got angry.
Sela threw smoldering logs to the courage Nart who stole fire from his hearth.
It seemed that sky burst, earth shook, and mountains crashed. White bird Sela-Sata was flying before the courage Nart and horse Turpal. Pkhari's body was not harmed and his horse's body was not harmed when Sela threw his smoldering logs and Pkhari threw himself to the ground.
Sela got angry even more. Then, he untied his sack with dark night. It became so dark that Pkharmat did not see ears of his horse and Turpal could not see even its reins. White bird Sela-Sata flied in front of them and showed them the way by her wonderful singing. Sela saw that dark night was unable to stop Pkharmat and his horse. Then, he untied his other sack with cold. Wind, cold and dark night together tried to stop and catch Nart Pkhari and his horse Turpal. They were unable to catch and stop courage Nart Pkhari and his horse Turpal.
"Do not come back to sky! Let sky not be calm for you!" Sela-Sata did not come back to sky.
From K. Z. Chokayev Our Language - Our History, pp. 170-172. Translated from Chechen.
This myth was written down in 1940 in Zumsa by Ahmad Suleimanov from an old man whose name was Gela.
Note. Pkharmat and Pkhari (Pkhäri) are two variants of the same name. In another version of this myth, he is called Pkharmat. In the version below, his name is Pkhari (Pkhäri), but two times he is called Pkharmat.
Long time ago, it was very cold on the earth. People's life was difficult. They did not have fire. Sela [god of fire] had all the fire. Narth-Orstkhois are our ancestors. Narth-Orstkhois were tall people. They did not have any tools. However, they had consciousness and mind.At that time, there lived a Nart whose name was Pkhari. He made bows, he made arrows, he made tools to soften leather. He was the most kind and strong. Pkhari had a good horse. It was called Turpal.
Pkhari put on warm clothes, took armor and told Narths: "I am going in order to bring you fire from Sela's hearth. Do not worry about me." Narths said: "Let your way be good!" They gave Pkhari oil, coal, and combs. "If Sela pursues you, scatter coal on the road, and there will be dark night between you and Sela. If Sela passes through the night, pour oil, and there will be mud between you two. Let your arm be like of a duck, let your leg be like of a stallion."
Seven days and seven nights Pkhari has been on his way. Pkhari passed through seven gorges and seven mountains. He reached Mount Bashlam [Mount Kazbek]. He rode on Mount Bashlam on his horse. There were beautiful herbs and flowers on this mountain. A white bird came to Pkhari. It spoke our language: "What are you doing, where are you going?"
"I am going in order to take a smoldering log from Sela's hearth. Help me, white bird," asked Pkhari.
"I will help you. However, you are in a danger. It is hard to argue with Sela. Sela is ruthless. Make your ear four times more sensitive, make your eye four times more clear!" told white bird Sela-Sata [goddess; the word "selasat" means "oriole"]. "Approaching Sela, stretch your arm to the hearth unnoticed!" "My arm is like of a duck, my leg is like of a stallion, my eye is clear like of a wolf, my ear is sensitive like of a deer!" replied Pkhari.
Sela-Sata said: "Let your horse Turpal strike its hoof and rush like a big cloud to Sela's favorite hearth. Slow it down and turn to the fire. Then, you will be able to stretch your arm to the hearth..." said bird Sela-Sata.
As the white bird Sela-Sata advised, Nart Pkhari's horse stroke its hoof and rushed like a big cloud. Having reached Sela's hearth, Pkhari slowed it down. Then, it stamped its hooves near the fire and ran like a big cloud. When it jumped high, Pkhari took a smoldering log with his hand. Horse Turpal ran swifter than wind.
Sela heard noise and woke up. He woke falcon Ida that fulfilled his errands, Uzha that had sickle-like teeth and one eye, and dragon Sarmak that spewed fire out of its mouth. Sela sent them to catch riding Pkhari.
Turpal said: "Someone follows me. Look who it is." "Uzha is reaching us!" replied Pkhari.
"Throw your comb," said Turpal. Pkhari threw his comb. A thick forest grew before Uzhu. Uzha stayed in the middle of the forest.
Turpal said again: "Look behind. I hear loud noise." Looking behind, Pkhari saw that Sarmak was reaching them.
"Pour your oil!" said Turpal.
Pkhari poured his oil. Mud appeared on Sarmak's way. The dragon got stuck in the mud.
"I hear loud noise behind me, like of splitting sky. Look what it is!" Looking behind, Pkhari saw that huge falcon Ida was reaching them.
"Huge dragon Ida is reaching us!" said Nart Pkhari. "Scatter your coal!" said Turpal.
Nart Pkhari scattered coal from his hands.
Dark night, like a wall that cannot be passed through, stood before the falcon. Ida became blind and stopped.
Sela got angry.
Sela threw smoldering logs to the courage Nart who stole fire from his hearth.
It seemed that sky burst, earth shook, and mountains crashed. White bird Sela-Sata was flying before the courage Nart and horse Turpal. Pkhari's body was not harmed and his horse's body was not harmed when Sela threw his smoldering logs and Pkhari threw himself to the ground.
Sela got angry even more. Then, he untied his sack with dark night. It became so dark that Pkharmat did not see ears of his horse and Turpal could not see even its reins. White bird Sela-Sata flied in front of them and showed them the way by her wonderful singing. Sela saw that dark night was unable to stop Pkharmat and his horse. Then, he untied his other sack with cold. Wind, cold and dark night together tried to stop and catch Nart Pkhari and his horse Turpal. They were unable to catch and stop courage Nart Pkhari and his horse Turpal.
"Do not come back to sky! Let sky not be calm for you!" Sela-Sata did not come back to sky.
Uzha that has a cup-like eye and sickle-like teeth, with chains took Pkhari to the summit of Mount Bashlam and put there. He gathered all the ice, snow, and cold there. Narts are unable to release Pkhari because they cannot approach him. Being angry at Pkhari that he stole fire, Sela ordered dragon to lie around Pkhari. The falcon tortures him. It has black wing, steel beak and steel talons.
It sits down on Pkhari's knees.
"Do you surrender, being defeated? Do you repent for what you have done?" asks falcon Ida.
"I do not surrender and am not defeated. I took a smoldering log from Sela's hearth for the sake of people. I do not repent for what I have done!" - replies Pkhari.
Ida wounds Pkhari with its beck in the most painful place. After that, it asks again:
"Do you surrender, being defeated? Do you repent for what you have done?" Pkhari answers in the same way as the first time.Ida makes a bigger wound at Pkharmat's body. Ida wounds Pkhari's liver. Pkhari is said to suffer this way. He is said to suffer without groaning and without tears. Pkhari's horse Turpal is said to stand on this Baslam, being exhausted. It does not eat and does not drink.
Bird Sela-Sata is said to be very sad. It comes to Pkhari and sings its beautiful songs for him.
It is not white now, but yellow, red, black, blue because when Pkhari was caring a smoldering log from the sky, Sela threw smoldering logs that singed it.
Sela was once frightened, very frightened that people took fire.
The one who frightened him is honorable.
The one who frightened him for our sake is Pkhari. He is Pkharmat.
Sunday, October 3, 2010
Decimal and Vigesimal Systems
The decimal numeral system is based on 10. The vigesimal numeral system is based on 20. It is generally believed that the decimal numeral system was originated from the number of fingers (and thumbs) on both hands while the vigesimal numeral system was originated from the number of fingers (and thumbs) on both hands plus the number of toes on both feet.
Instead of the decimal numeral system, many Caucasus languages have the vigesimal numeral system. Some linguists tend to consider it as a mixed decimal and vigesimal system because the numbers from 11 to 19 are formed according to the decimal system:
11 = 10 + 1
12 = 10 + 2
13 = 10 + 3
14 = 10 + 4
15 = 10 + 5
16 = 10 + 6
17 = 10 + 7
18 = 10 + 8
19 = 10 + 9
The Batsbi language follows the vigesimal system in the most strict way as it was described by Y. D. Desheriev in his book The Batsbi Language (published in 1953), pp. 190 - 197.
30 = 20 + 10
31 = 20 + 11
32 = 20 + 12
40 = 2 x 20
41 = 2 x 20 + 1
42 = 2 x 20 + 2
50 = 2 x 20 + 10
51 = 2 x 20 + 11
52 = 2 x 20 + 12
60 = 3 x 20
61 = 3 x 20 + 1
62 = 3 x 20 + 2
70 = 3 x 20 + 10
71 = 3 x 20 + 11
72 = 3 x 20 + 12
80 = 4 x 20
81 = 4 x 20 + 1
82 = 4 x 20 + 2
90 = 4 x 20 + 10
91 = 4 x 20 + 11
92 = 4 x 20 + 12
100 = 5 x 20
101 = 5 x 20 + 1
102 = 5 x 20 + 2
120 = 6 x 20
121 = 6 x 20 + 1
122 = 6 x 20 + 2
140 = 7 x 20
141 = 7 x 20 + 1
142 = 7 x 20 + 2
160 = 8 x 20
161 = 8 x 20 + 1
162 = 8 x 20 + 2
180 = 9 x 20
181 = 9 x 20 + 1
182 = 9 x 20 + 2
200 = 10 x 20
220 = 11 x 20
240 = 12 x 20
260 = 13 x 20
280 = 14 x 20
300 = 15 x 20
320 = 16 x 20
340 = 17 x 20
360 = 18 x 20
380 = 19 x 20
400 = 20 x 20
420 = 20 x 20 + 20
440 = 20 x 20 + 2 x 20
460 = 20 x 20 + 3 x 20
480 = 20 x 20 + 4 x 20
500 = 20 x 20 + 5 x 20
520 = 20 x 20 + 6 x 20
540 = 20 x 20 + 7 x 20
560 = 20 x 20 + 8 x 20
580 = 20 x 20 + 9 x 20
600 = 20 x 20 + 10 x 20
620 = 20 x 20 + 11 x 20
640 = 20 x 20 + 12 x 20
660 = 20 x 20 + 13 x 20
680 = 20 x 20 + 14 x 20
700 = 20 x 20 + 15 x 20
720 = 20 x 20 + 16 x 20
740 = 20 x 20 + 17 x 20
760 = 20 x 20 + 18 x 20
780 = 20 x 20 + 19 x 20
800 = 2 x 20 x 20
820 = 2 x 20 x 20 + 20
840 = 2 x 20 x 20 + 2 x 20
860 = 2 x 20 x 20 + 3 x 20
880 = 2 x 20 x 20 + 4 x 20
900 = 2 x 20 x 20 + 5 x 20
920 = 2 x 20 x 20 + 6 x 20
940 = 2 x 20 x 20 + 7 x 20
960 = 2 x 20 x 20 + 8 x 20
980 = 2 x 20 x 20 + 9 x 20
1000 = 2 x 20 x 20 + 10 x 20
1020 = 2 x 20 x 20 + 11 x 20
1040 = 2 x 20 x 20 + 12 x 20
1060 = 2 x 20 x 20 + 13 x 20
1080 = 2 x 20 x 20 + 14 x 20
1100 = 2 x 20 x 20 + 15 x 20
1120 = 2 x 20 x 20 + 16 x 20
1140 = 2 x 20 x 20 + 17 x 20
1160 = 2 x 20 x 20 + 18 x 20
1180 = 2 x 20 x 20 + 19 x 20
1200 = 3 x 20 x 20
1600 = 4 x 20 x 20
2000 = 5 x 20 x 20
2400 = 6 x 20 x 20
2800 = 7 x 20 x 20
3200 = 8 x 20 x 20
3600 = 9 x 20 x 20
4000 = 10 x 20 x 20
4400 = 11 x 20 x 20
4800 = 12 x 20 x 20
5200 = 13 x 20 x 20
5600 = 14 x 20 x 20
6000 = 15 x 20 x 20
6400 = 16 x 20 x 20
6800 = 17 x 20 x 20
7200 = 18 x 20 x 20
7600 = 19 x 20 x 20
8000 = 20 x 20 x 20
8400 = 21 x 20 x 20
8800 = 22 x 20 x 20
9200 = 23 x 20 x 20
9600 = 24 x 20 x 20
10000 = 25 x 20 x 20
and so on
By the time Desheriev researched the Batsbi language, Batsbis began to drop this system. They borrowed the words for 100 and 1000 from Georgian. Thus, they began to simplify this system. Likewise, in the Chechen and Ingush languages, the vigesimal system is simplified (originally, it was the same as in the Batsbi language).
30 = 20 + 10
31 = 20 + 11
32 = 20 + 12
40 = 2 x 20
41 = 2 x 20 + 1
42 = 2 x 20 + 2
50 = 2 x 20 + 10
51 = 2 x 20 + 11
52 = 2 x 20 + 12
60 = 3 x 20
61 = 3 x 20 + 1
62 = 3 x 20 + 2
70 = 3 x 20 + 10
71 = 3 x 20 + 11
72 = 3 x 20 + 12
80 = 4 x 20
81 = 4 x 20 + 1
82 = 4 x 20 + 2
90 = 4 x 20 + 10
91 = 4 x 20 + 11
92 = 4 x 20 + 12
100 = 100
101 = 100 + 1
102 = 100 + 2
110 = 100 + 10
111 = 100 + 11
112 = 100 + 12
120 = 100 + 20
121 = 100 + 20 + 1
122 = 100 + 20 + 2
130 = 100 + 20 + 10
131 = 100 + 20 + 11
132 = 100 + 20 + 12
140 = 100 + 2 x 20
141 = 100 + 2 x 20 + 1
142 = 100 + 2 x 20 + 2
150 = 100 + 2 x 20 + 10
151 = 100 + 2 x 20 + 11
152 = 100 + 2 x 20 + 12
160 = 100 + 3 x 20
161 = 100 + 3 x 20 + 1
162 = 100 + 3 x 20 + 2
170 = 100 + 3 x 20 + 10
171 = 100 + 3 x 20 + 11
172 = 100 + 3 x 20 + 12
180 = 100 + 4 x 20
181 = 100 + 4 x 20 + 1
182 = 100 + 4 x 20 + 2
190 = 100 + 4 x 20 + 10
191 = 100 + 4 x 20 + 11
192 = 100 + 4 x 20 + 12
200 = 2 x 100
220 = 2 x 100 + 20
240 = 2 x 100 + 2 x 20
260 = 2 x 100 + 3 x 20
280 = 2 x 100 + 4 x 20
300 = 3 x 100
400 = 4 x 100
500 = 5 x 100
600 = 6 x 100
700 = 7 x 100
800 = 8 x 100
900 = 9 x 100
1000 = 1000
2000 = 2 x 1000
3000 = 3 x 1000
4000 = 4 x 1000
5000 = 5 x 1000
and so on
The Chechen numbers 1 through 5 have some special characteristics that the numbers beginning with 6 do not have:
1. The Chechen numbers 1 through 5 end at the glottal stop (Arabic letter hamza) while other numbers do not.
2. The Chechen numbers 1 through 5 have declension while other numbers do not.
3. The Chechen numbers 1 through 5 have two forms (dependent and independent) while other numbers have only one form.
On the basis of these facts, N. F. Yakovlev in his book The Morphology of the Chechen Language (published in 1960), p. 59 made a suggestion that the original number system in Chechen was quinary (that is, the system based on 5). Thus, the Chechen language has some elements of the three numeral systems: quinary, decimal, and vigesimal. However, the main system is definitely vigesimal.
In the Avar language, the vigesimal system is simplified even more than in Chechen and Ingush because Avar has a special word for 30.
30 = 30
40 = 2 x 20
50 = 2 x 20 + 10
60 = 3 x 20
70 = 3 x 20 + 10
80 = 4 x 20
90 = 4 x 20 + 10
100 = 100
120 = 100 + 20
130 = 100 + 30
140 = 100 + 2 x 20
150 = 100 + 2 x 20 + 10
160 = 100 + 3 x 20
170 = 100 + 3 x 20 + 10
180 = 100 + 4 x 20
190 = 100 + 4 x 20 + 10
200 = 2 x 200
and so on
The Chimgui dialect of the Circassian language (it is one of the western dialects of the Circassian language and is also known as the Agyghean language) has special words for 30 and 50. Their word for 50 literary means "a half of one hundred."
30 = 30
40 = 2 x 20
50 = 50
60 = 3 x 30
70 = 3 x 30 + 10
80 = 4 x 20
90 = 4 x 20 + 10
100 = 100
130 = 100 + 30
140 = 100 + 2 x 20
150 = 100 + 2 x 20 + 10
160 = 100 + 3 x 20
170 = 100 + 3 x 20 + 10
180 = 100 + 4 x 20
190 = 100 + 4 x 20 + 10
200 = 2 x 100
and so on
The Kabardian dialect of the Circassian language (it is one of the eastern dialects of the Circassian language and is also known as the Kabardian language) uses the regular decimal system. The Tabasaran language also uses the regular decimal system, although some of its dialects use the vigesimal system. The Dargin language has the regular decimal system as well.
The vigesimal system is not unique for the Caucasian languages. For example, the French language has some elements of the vigesimal system:
70 = 60 + 10
71 = 60 + 11
72 = 60 + 12
80 = 4 x 20
90 = 4 x 20 + 10
91 = 4 x 20 + 11
92 = 4 x 20 + 12
Instead of the decimal numeral system, many Caucasus languages have the vigesimal numeral system. Some linguists tend to consider it as a mixed decimal and vigesimal system because the numbers from 11 to 19 are formed according to the decimal system:
11 = 10 + 1
12 = 10 + 2
13 = 10 + 3
14 = 10 + 4
15 = 10 + 5
16 = 10 + 6
17 = 10 + 7
18 = 10 + 8
19 = 10 + 9
The Batsbi language follows the vigesimal system in the most strict way as it was described by Y. D. Desheriev in his book The Batsbi Language (published in 1953), pp. 190 - 197.
30 = 20 + 10
31 = 20 + 11
32 = 20 + 12
40 = 2 x 20
41 = 2 x 20 + 1
42 = 2 x 20 + 2
50 = 2 x 20 + 10
51 = 2 x 20 + 11
52 = 2 x 20 + 12
60 = 3 x 20
61 = 3 x 20 + 1
62 = 3 x 20 + 2
70 = 3 x 20 + 10
71 = 3 x 20 + 11
72 = 3 x 20 + 12
80 = 4 x 20
81 = 4 x 20 + 1
82 = 4 x 20 + 2
90 = 4 x 20 + 10
91 = 4 x 20 + 11
92 = 4 x 20 + 12
100 = 5 x 20
101 = 5 x 20 + 1
102 = 5 x 20 + 2
120 = 6 x 20
121 = 6 x 20 + 1
122 = 6 x 20 + 2
140 = 7 x 20
141 = 7 x 20 + 1
142 = 7 x 20 + 2
160 = 8 x 20
161 = 8 x 20 + 1
162 = 8 x 20 + 2
180 = 9 x 20
181 = 9 x 20 + 1
182 = 9 x 20 + 2
200 = 10 x 20
220 = 11 x 20
240 = 12 x 20
260 = 13 x 20
280 = 14 x 20
300 = 15 x 20
320 = 16 x 20
340 = 17 x 20
360 = 18 x 20
380 = 19 x 20
400 = 20 x 20
420 = 20 x 20 + 20
440 = 20 x 20 + 2 x 20
460 = 20 x 20 + 3 x 20
480 = 20 x 20 + 4 x 20
500 = 20 x 20 + 5 x 20
520 = 20 x 20 + 6 x 20
540 = 20 x 20 + 7 x 20
560 = 20 x 20 + 8 x 20
580 = 20 x 20 + 9 x 20
600 = 20 x 20 + 10 x 20
620 = 20 x 20 + 11 x 20
640 = 20 x 20 + 12 x 20
660 = 20 x 20 + 13 x 20
680 = 20 x 20 + 14 x 20
700 = 20 x 20 + 15 x 20
720 = 20 x 20 + 16 x 20
740 = 20 x 20 + 17 x 20
760 = 20 x 20 + 18 x 20
780 = 20 x 20 + 19 x 20
800 = 2 x 20 x 20
820 = 2 x 20 x 20 + 20
840 = 2 x 20 x 20 + 2 x 20
860 = 2 x 20 x 20 + 3 x 20
880 = 2 x 20 x 20 + 4 x 20
900 = 2 x 20 x 20 + 5 x 20
920 = 2 x 20 x 20 + 6 x 20
940 = 2 x 20 x 20 + 7 x 20
960 = 2 x 20 x 20 + 8 x 20
980 = 2 x 20 x 20 + 9 x 20
1000 = 2 x 20 x 20 + 10 x 20
1020 = 2 x 20 x 20 + 11 x 20
1040 = 2 x 20 x 20 + 12 x 20
1060 = 2 x 20 x 20 + 13 x 20
1080 = 2 x 20 x 20 + 14 x 20
1100 = 2 x 20 x 20 + 15 x 20
1120 = 2 x 20 x 20 + 16 x 20
1140 = 2 x 20 x 20 + 17 x 20
1160 = 2 x 20 x 20 + 18 x 20
1180 = 2 x 20 x 20 + 19 x 20
1200 = 3 x 20 x 20
1600 = 4 x 20 x 20
2000 = 5 x 20 x 20
2400 = 6 x 20 x 20
2800 = 7 x 20 x 20
3200 = 8 x 20 x 20
3600 = 9 x 20 x 20
4000 = 10 x 20 x 20
4400 = 11 x 20 x 20
4800 = 12 x 20 x 20
5200 = 13 x 20 x 20
5600 = 14 x 20 x 20
6000 = 15 x 20 x 20
6400 = 16 x 20 x 20
6800 = 17 x 20 x 20
7200 = 18 x 20 x 20
7600 = 19 x 20 x 20
8000 = 20 x 20 x 20
8400 = 21 x 20 x 20
8800 = 22 x 20 x 20
9200 = 23 x 20 x 20
9600 = 24 x 20 x 20
10000 = 25 x 20 x 20
and so on
By the time Desheriev researched the Batsbi language, Batsbis began to drop this system. They borrowed the words for 100 and 1000 from Georgian. Thus, they began to simplify this system. Likewise, in the Chechen and Ingush languages, the vigesimal system is simplified (originally, it was the same as in the Batsbi language).
30 = 20 + 10
31 = 20 + 11
32 = 20 + 12
40 = 2 x 20
41 = 2 x 20 + 1
42 = 2 x 20 + 2
50 = 2 x 20 + 10
51 = 2 x 20 + 11
52 = 2 x 20 + 12
60 = 3 x 20
61 = 3 x 20 + 1
62 = 3 x 20 + 2
70 = 3 x 20 + 10
71 = 3 x 20 + 11
72 = 3 x 20 + 12
80 = 4 x 20
81 = 4 x 20 + 1
82 = 4 x 20 + 2
90 = 4 x 20 + 10
91 = 4 x 20 + 11
92 = 4 x 20 + 12
100 = 100
101 = 100 + 1
102 = 100 + 2
110 = 100 + 10
111 = 100 + 11
112 = 100 + 12
120 = 100 + 20
121 = 100 + 20 + 1
122 = 100 + 20 + 2
130 = 100 + 20 + 10
131 = 100 + 20 + 11
132 = 100 + 20 + 12
140 = 100 + 2 x 20
141 = 100 + 2 x 20 + 1
142 = 100 + 2 x 20 + 2
150 = 100 + 2 x 20 + 10
151 = 100 + 2 x 20 + 11
152 = 100 + 2 x 20 + 12
160 = 100 + 3 x 20
161 = 100 + 3 x 20 + 1
162 = 100 + 3 x 20 + 2
170 = 100 + 3 x 20 + 10
171 = 100 + 3 x 20 + 11
172 = 100 + 3 x 20 + 12
180 = 100 + 4 x 20
181 = 100 + 4 x 20 + 1
182 = 100 + 4 x 20 + 2
190 = 100 + 4 x 20 + 10
191 = 100 + 4 x 20 + 11
192 = 100 + 4 x 20 + 12
200 = 2 x 100
220 = 2 x 100 + 20
240 = 2 x 100 + 2 x 20
260 = 2 x 100 + 3 x 20
280 = 2 x 100 + 4 x 20
300 = 3 x 100
400 = 4 x 100
500 = 5 x 100
600 = 6 x 100
700 = 7 x 100
800 = 8 x 100
900 = 9 x 100
1000 = 1000
2000 = 2 x 1000
3000 = 3 x 1000
4000 = 4 x 1000
5000 = 5 x 1000
and so on
The Chechen numbers 1 through 5 have some special characteristics that the numbers beginning with 6 do not have:
1. The Chechen numbers 1 through 5 end at the glottal stop (Arabic letter hamza) while other numbers do not.
2. The Chechen numbers 1 through 5 have declension while other numbers do not.
3. The Chechen numbers 1 through 5 have two forms (dependent and independent) while other numbers have only one form.
On the basis of these facts, N. F. Yakovlev in his book The Morphology of the Chechen Language (published in 1960), p. 59 made a suggestion that the original number system in Chechen was quinary (that is, the system based on 5). Thus, the Chechen language has some elements of the three numeral systems: quinary, decimal, and vigesimal. However, the main system is definitely vigesimal.
In the Avar language, the vigesimal system is simplified even more than in Chechen and Ingush because Avar has a special word for 30.
30 = 30
40 = 2 x 20
50 = 2 x 20 + 10
60 = 3 x 20
70 = 3 x 20 + 10
80 = 4 x 20
90 = 4 x 20 + 10
100 = 100
120 = 100 + 20
130 = 100 + 30
140 = 100 + 2 x 20
150 = 100 + 2 x 20 + 10
160 = 100 + 3 x 20
170 = 100 + 3 x 20 + 10
180 = 100 + 4 x 20
190 = 100 + 4 x 20 + 10
200 = 2 x 200
and so on
The Chimgui dialect of the Circassian language (it is one of the western dialects of the Circassian language and is also known as the Agyghean language) has special words for 30 and 50. Their word for 50 literary means "a half of one hundred."
30 = 30
40 = 2 x 20
50 = 50
60 = 3 x 30
70 = 3 x 30 + 10
80 = 4 x 20
90 = 4 x 20 + 10
100 = 100
130 = 100 + 30
140 = 100 + 2 x 20
150 = 100 + 2 x 20 + 10
160 = 100 + 3 x 20
170 = 100 + 3 x 20 + 10
180 = 100 + 4 x 20
190 = 100 + 4 x 20 + 10
200 = 2 x 100
and so on
The Kabardian dialect of the Circassian language (it is one of the eastern dialects of the Circassian language and is also known as the Kabardian language) uses the regular decimal system. The Tabasaran language also uses the regular decimal system, although some of its dialects use the vigesimal system. The Dargin language has the regular decimal system as well.
The vigesimal system is not unique for the Caucasian languages. For example, the French language has some elements of the vigesimal system:
70 = 60 + 10
71 = 60 + 11
72 = 60 + 12
80 = 4 x 20
90 = 4 x 20 + 10
91 = 4 x 20 + 11
92 = 4 x 20 + 12
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